Local Law Enforcement within a Collapsing Mental Health System: A Qualitative Analysis on Crisis Intervention Team Programs in Virginia (thesis)

Abstract

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model is a globally recognized and implemented jail diversion program that improves local law enforcement response to individuals with mental illness or substance use disorder (MISUD). Despite the decentralized nature of the model, several states have implemented statewide CIT programs. Virginia was the first state to mandate every locality to participate in a CIT program through state law. This study examines the mechanisms, characteristics, and effects of CIT programs on law enforcement using interview data from local law enforcement officers (n = 24) and CIT Coordinators (n = 3) throughout the Commonwealth. The results suggest that officers strongly endorse the application and benefits thereof despite CIT's practical limitations, such as substantial resource and staffing shortages and inefficient policy constraints. Officers welcome this evolution of law enforcement as CIT programs normalize the use of de-escalation and communication during encounters involving people with MISUD. Officers find that severe shortages in behavioral health services resulting from chronic disinvestment cannot be resolved or managed using CIT alone. Dramatically expanding Virginia's behavioral health systems and establishing mental health providers as the primary first responders for behavioral health crises will reduce the growing demand and strain on law enforcement. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in relation to enhancing public safety and health outcomes.